Guidelines
9 May 2025
New papers
Draft Document for Public Consultation: iCARDIO Alliance Global Implementation Guidelines on Obesity Management 2025
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
1834
Views
427
Downloads
Authors
Despite the availability of several guidelines, inconsistencies in healthcare access, varying infrastructure, resource constraints and diverse local practices restrict their global applicability. This underscores the need for universal recommendations that address the unique challenges faced by patients and healthcare providers worldwide. Our Global Guidelines emphasize the incorporation of novel therapies, while integrating standard of care with the most up-to-date evidence to enable clinicians to optimize heart failure (HF) management. Context-specific recommendations tailored to individual patient needs are highlighted providing a thorough evaluation of the risks, benefits, and overall value of each therapy, aiming to establish a standard of care that improves patient outcomes and reduces the burden of hospitalization in this susceptible population. These guidelines provide evidence based recommendations that represent a group consensus considering the many other published guidelines that have reviewed many of the issues discussed here, but they also make new recommendations where new evidence has recently emerged, and – most importantly – also provide recommendations on a number of issues where resource limitations may put constraints on the care provided to HF patients. Such “economic adjustment” recommendations aim to provide guidance for situations when “Resources are somewhat limited” or when “Resources are severely limited”. Hence, this document presents a comprehensive update to HF management guidelines thereby aiming to provide a unified strategy for the pharmacological, non47 pharmacological, and invasive management of this significant global health challenge that is applicable to the needs of healthcare around the globe.
Altmetrics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Citations
Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 363, 157-163 (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3
Rodgers, A., Woodward, A., Swinburn, B. & Dietz, W.H. Prevalence trends tell us what did not precipitate the US obesity epidemic. The Lancet Public Health 3, e162-e163 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30021-5
Temple, N.J. The Origins of the Obesity Epidemic in the USA-Lessons for Today. Nutrients 14(2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204253
Rubino, F., et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.
Cawley, J., et al. Direct medical costs of obesity in the United States and the most populous states. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 27, 354-366 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2021.20410
Tsai, A.G., Williamson, D.F. & Glick, H.A. Direct medical cost of overweight and obesity in the USA: a
quantitative systematic review. Obes Rev 12, 50-61 (2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00708.x
Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults—The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 6 Suppl 2, 51s-209s (1998).
Garvey, W.T., et al. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL CARE OF PATIENTS WITH OBESITY. Endocr Pract 22 Suppl 3, 1-203 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4158/EP161365.GL
Marx, N., et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: Developed by the task force on the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal 44, 4043-4140 (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad774
Grunvald, E., et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Interventions for Adults With Obesity. Gastroenterology 163, 1198-1225 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.08.045
Guidelines for medical nutrition treatment of overweight/obesity in China (2021). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 31, 450-482 (2022).
Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care 47, S158-s178 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S009
Visseren, F.L.J., et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 42, 3227-3337 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484
Arnett, D.K., et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 140, e596-e646 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000725
Jain, R., et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guideline Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2022 update. Cmaj 194, E1460-e1480 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.221674
Nelson, M.R., et al. 2023 Australian guideline for assessing and managing cardiovascular disease risk. Med J Aust 220, 482-490 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.52280
KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int 105, S117-s314 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018
Whelton, P.K., et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 71, e13-e115 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000076
Mancia, G., et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens 41, 1874-2071 (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480
Cusi, K., et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Primary Care and Endocrinology Clinical Settings: Co-Sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Endocrine Practice 28, 528-562 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.010
Handelsman, Y., et al. DCRM Multispecialty Practice Recommendations for the management of diabetes, cardiorenal, and metabolic diseases. J Diabetes Complications 36, 108101 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.108101
McDonagh, T.A., et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Heart Journal 42, 3599-3726 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
Atherton, J.J., et al. National Heart Foundation of Australia and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: Guidelines for the Prevention, Detection, and Management of Heart Failure in Australia 2018. Heart, Lung and Circulation 27, 1123-1208 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.1042
Wharton, S., et al. Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. Canadian Medical Association Journal 192, E875 (2020).
Wang, T., Tan, J.-Y., Liu, X.-L. & Zhao, I. Barriers and enablers to implementing clinical practice guidelines in primary care: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 13, e062158 (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062158
Żukiewicz-Sobczak, W., et al. Obesity and poverty paradox in developed countries. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 21, 590-594 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1120608
Zhang, H.-D., et al. Semaglutide for the prevention of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 18, 103067 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103067
Verma, S., et al. Inflammation in Obesity-Related HFpEF: The STEP-HFpEF Program. J Am Coll Cardiol 84, 1646-1662 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.028
Ndumele, C.E., et al. A Synopsis of the Evidence for the Science and Clinical Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 148, 1636-1664 (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001186
Administration, U.S.F.D. FDA Approves First Treatment to Reduce Risk of Serious Heart Problems Specifically in Adults with Obesity or Overweight. (2024).
Caleyachetty, R., et al. Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9, 419-426 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00088-7
Rubino, F., et al. Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity. Nat Med 26, 485-497 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0803-x
O'Brien, K.S., et al. The relationship between weight stigma and eating behavior is explained by weight bias internalization and psychological distress. Appetite 102, 70-76 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.032
Vartanian, L.R. & Porter, A.M. Weight stigma and eating behavior: A review of the literature. Appetite 102, 3-14 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.034
Vallis, M., Piccinini-Vallis, H., Sharma, A.M. & Freedhoff, Y. Clinical review: modified 5 As: minimal intervention for obesity counseling in primary care. Can Fam Physician 59, 27-31 (2013).
Romero-Corral, A., et al. Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. International Journal of Obesity 32, 959-966 (2008). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.11
Wang, J., et al. Asians have lower body mass index (BMI) but higher percent body fat than do whites: comparisons of anthropometric measurements. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 23-28 (1994). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/60.1.23
Deurenberg, P., Deurenberg-Yap, M. & Guricci, S. Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship. Obes Rev 3, 141-146 (2002). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00065.x
Karter, A.J., et al. Elevated rates of diabetes in Pacific Islanders and Asian subgroups: The Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). Diabetes Care 36, 574-579 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0722
Samouda, H. & Langlet, J. Body fat assessment in youth with overweight or obesity by an automated bioelectrical impedance analysis device, in comparison with the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: a cross sectional study. BMC Endocrine Disorders 22, 195 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-01111-6
Deurenberg, P. Limitations of the bioelectrical impedance method for the assessment of body fat in severe obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64, 449S-452S (1996). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.3.449S
Ginde, S.R., et al. Air displacement plethysmography: validation in overweight and obese subjects. Obes Res 13, 1232-1237 (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.146
Wilson, K. Obesity: Lifestyle Modification and Behavior Interventions. FP Essent 492, 19-24 (2020).
Esposito, K., Kastorini, C.M., Panagiotakos, D.B. & Giugliano, D. Mediterranean diet and weight loss: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 9, 1-12 (2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2010.0031
Poulimeneas, D., et al. Exploring the relationship between the Mediterranean diet and weight loss maintenance: the MedWeight study. Br J Nutr 124, 874-880 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520001798
Soltani, S., Shirani, F., Chitsazi, M.J. & Salehi-Abargouei, A. The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Obes Rev 17, 442-454 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12391
Almabruk, B.A., et al. The Role of Intermittent Fasting on Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 16, e71623 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.71623
The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP): description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care 25, 2165-2171 (2002). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.12.2165
Salvia, M.G. The Look AHEAD Trial: Translating Lessons Learned Into Clinical Practice and Further Study. Diabetes Spectr 30, 166-170 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/ds17-0016
Astrup, A., Grunwald, G.K., Melanson, E.L., Saris, W.H. & Hill, J.O. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24, 1545-1552 (2000). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801453
Noto, H., Goto, A., Tsujimoto, T. & Noda, M. Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 8, e55030 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055030
Sun, J., et al. The effect of dietary carbohydrate and calorie restriction on weight and metabolic health in overweight/obese individuals: a multi-center randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine 21, 192 (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02869-9
Wycherley, T.P., Moran, L.J., Clifton, P.M., Noakes, M. & Brinkworth, G.D. Effects of energy-restricted high- protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 96, 1281-1298 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.044321
Ohkawara, K., Tanaka, S., Miyachi, M., Ishikawa-Takata, K. & Tabata, I. A dose–response relation between aerobic exercise and visceral fat reduction: systematic review of clinical trials. International Journal of Obesity 31, 1786-1797 (2007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803683
Swift, D.L., et al. The Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Weight Loss and Maintenance. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 61, 206-213 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.014
Willis, L.H., et al. Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 113, 1831-1837 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01370.2011
Catenacci, V.A., et al. Physical activity patterns in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16, 153-161 (2008). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.6
Jakicic, J.M., Marcus, B.H., Lang, W. & Janney, C. Effect of Exercise on 24-Month Weight Loss Maintenance in Overweight Women. Archives of Internal Medicine 168, 1550-1559 (2008). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.14.1550
Marso, S.P., et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 375, 311-322 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
Pi-Sunyer, X., et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. New England Journal of Medicine 373, 11-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411892
Wadden, T.A., et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE Maintenance randomized study. Int J Obes (Lond) 37, 1443-1451 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.120
Davies, M.J., et al. Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama 314, 687-699 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.9676
Blackman, A., et al. Effect of liraglutide 3.0 mg in individuals with obesity and moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea: the SCALE Sleep Apnea randomized clinical trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 40, 1310-1319 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.52
Khera, R., et al. Association of Pharmacological Treatments for Obesity With Weight Loss and Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Jama 315, 2424-2434 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.7602
le Roux, C.W., et al. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 389, 1399-1409 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30069-7
Hinnen, D. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists for Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 30, 202-210 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/ds16-0026
Chao, A.M., Tronieri, J.S., Amaro, A. & Wadden, T.A. Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity. Trends Cardiovasc Med 33, 159-166 (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2021.12.008
Wilding, J.P.H., et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med 384, 989-1002 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
Davies, M., et al. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 397, 971-984 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0
Wadden, T.A., et al. Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 325, 1403-1413 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.1831
Rubino, D., et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama 325, 1414-1425 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3224
Garvey, W.T., et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat Med 28, 2083-2091 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02026-4
Rubino, D.M., et al. Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 327, 138-150 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.23619
Nordisk, N. Novo Nordisk A/S: Semaglutide 7.2 mg s.c. achieved 20.7% weight loss in the STEP UP obesity trial, and 18.7% regardless of treatment adherence. Vol. 2025 (Novo Nordisk, 2025).
Lincoff, A.M., et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 389, 2221-2232 (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
Kosiborod, M.N., et al. Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 389, 1069-1084 (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2312296
Kosiborod, M.N., et al. Semaglutide in Patients with Obesity-Related Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 390, 1394-1407 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2313917
Haykowsky, M.J., et al. Determinants of exercise intolerance in elderly heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 58, 265-274 (2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.055
Malhotra, A., et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 391, 1193-1205 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2404881
Loomba, R., et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med 391, 299-310 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2401943
Usman, M.S., et al. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on heart failure outcomes and cardiovascular death across the cardiometabolic disease spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 12, 447-461 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00102-5
Zavoral, J.H. Treatment with orlistat reduces cardiovascular risk in obese patients. J Hypertens 16, 2013-2017 (1998). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199816121-00024
Sjöström, L., et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. European Multicentre Orlistat Study Group. Lancet 352, 167-172 (1998). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11509-4
Zahmatkesh, A., Sohouli, M.H., Shojaie, S. & Rohani, P. The effect of orlistat in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver in adolescents with overweight and obese. Eur J Pediatr 183, 1173-1182 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-023-05369-3
Alanazi, J., et al. Significance of Orlistat in management of dyslipidemia, systolic blood pressure and body mass index. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 26, 8326-8332 (2022).
Cignarella, A., Busetto, L. & Vettor, R. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: An update. Pharmacological Research 169, 105649 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105649
Allison, D.B., et al. Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP). Obesity (Silver Spring) 20, 330-342 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.330
Billes, S.K., Sinnayah, P. & Cowley, M.A. Naltrexone/bupropion for obesity: An investigational combination pharmacotherapy for weight loss. Pharmacological Research 84, 1-11 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.004
Tek, C. Naltrexone HCI/bupropion HCI for chronic weight management in obese adults: patient selection and perspectives. Patient Prefer Adherence 10, 751-759 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S84778
Greenway, F.L., et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 376, 595-605 (2010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60888-4
Apovian, C.M., et al. A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II). Obesity (Silver Spring) 21, 935-943 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20309
Hollander, P., et al. Effects of naltrexone sustained-release/bupropion sustained-release combination therapy on body weight and glycemic parameters in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 36, 4022-4029 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0234
Wadden, T.A., et al. Weight loss with naltrexone SR/bupropion SR combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: the COR-BMOD trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19, 110-120 (2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.147
Gazewood, J.D.B.K. Phentermine/Topiramate (Qsymia) for Chronic Weight Management. Vol. 2024 (AAFP, 2014).
Srivastava, G. & Apovian, C.M. Current pharmacotherapy for obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14, 12-24 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.122
Verrastro, O., et al. Bariatric–metabolic surgery versus lifestyle intervention plus best medical care in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (BRAVES): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. The Lancet 401, 1786-1797 (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00634-7
Adams Ted, D., et al. Weight and Metabolic Outcomes 12 Years after Gastric Bypass. New England Journal of Medicine 377, 1143-1155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1700459
le Roux, C.W. & Bloom, S.R. Why Do Patients Lose Weight after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, 591-592 (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-2211
Abdeen, G. & le Roux, C.W. Mechanism Underlying the Weight Loss and Complications of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Review. Obes Surg 26, 410-421 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1945-7
Biter, L.U., et al. Long-term effect of sleeve gastrectomy vs Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in people living with severe obesity: a phase III multicentre randomised controlled trial (SleeveBypass). The Lancet Regional Health – Europe 38(2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100836
Hedberg, S., et al. Comparison of Sleeve Gastrectomy vs Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open 7, e2353141-e2353141 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.53141
Abu Dayyeh, B.K., et al. Adjustable intragastric balloon for treatment of obesity: a multicentre, open-label, randomised clinical trial. Lancet 398, 1965-1973 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02394-1
Angrisani, L., Cutolo, P.P., Formisano, G., Nosso, G. & Vitolo, G. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: 10-year results of a prospective, randomized trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 9, 405-413 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2012.11.011
Scopinaro, N., et al. Biliopancreatic diversion. World J Surg 22, 936-946 (1998). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002689900497
Sorribas, M., et al. Experience in biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: Results at 2, 5 and 10 years. Cirugía Española (English Edition) 100, 202-208 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cireng.2022.03.015
Buchwald, H., et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama 292, 1724-1737 (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.14.1724
Ng, M., et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 405, 813-838 (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1
NICE. Overweight and obesity management. (2025).
How to Cite
1.
iCARDIO-Alliance WTF |. Draft Document for Public Consultation: iCARDIO Alliance Global Implementation Guidelines on Obesity Management 2025. Global Cardiol [Internet]. 2025 May 9 [cited 2025 Jun. 29];. Available from: https://www.globalcardiology.info/site/article/view/71
Copyright (c) 2025 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
